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An ongoing task is to develop the correct dynamics for causal sets. These would provide a set of rules that determine which causal sets correspond to physically realistic spacetimes. The most popular approach to developing causal set dynamics is based on the sum-over-histories version of quantum mechanics. This approach would perform a sum-over ...
Dowker attended Manchester High School for Girls. [9] As a student, she was interested in wormholes and quantum cosmology.Having studied the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, Dowker was awarded the Tyson Medal in 1987 and completed her Doctor of Philosophy for research on spacetime wormholes supervised by Stephen Hawking [2] [3] in 1990.
Sometimes a feedback (or a reaction) does not occur immediately – the process contains delays. Any system can be drawn as a diagram set up with circles of causality – including actions, feedbacks and delays. [1] Reinforcing feedback (or amplifying feedback) accelerates the given trend of a process. If the trend is ascending, the reinforcing ...
Judea Pearl defines a causal model as an ordered triple ,, , where U is a set of exogenous variables whose values are determined by factors outside the model; V is a set of endogenous variables whose values are determined by factors within the model; and E is a set of structural equations that express the value of each endogenous variable as a function of the values of the other variables in U ...
For a causal curve , the causal diamond is + (()) (()) (here we are using the looser definition of 'curve' whereon it is just a set of points), being the point () in the causal past of (). In words: the causal diamond of a particle's world-line γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the set of all events that lie in both the past of some point in γ ...
Causal decision theory of evaluating the expected utility of an action; Causal sets theory, an approach to quantum physics; Causal perturbation theory, a mathematically rigorous approach to renormalization theory; Causal theories, a phenomenon in social psychology whereby humans guess wrongly about the reasons for their actions (part of the ...
Robert Wald: physicist in the field of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Anzhong Wang: physicist, major contributor to Horava-Lifshitz gravity; String theory and applications to cosmology. Paul S. Wesson: physicist, cosmologist and writer, known as founder of the "Space-time Consortium" and his work on Kaluza–Klein theory.
A strange loop is a hierarchy of levels, each of which is linked to at least one other by some type of relationship. A strange loop hierarchy is "tangled" (Hofstadter refers to this as a "heterarchy"), in that there is no well defined highest or lowest level; moving through the levels, one eventually returns to the starting point, i.e., the original level.