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Invar is used where high dimensional stability is required, such as precision instruments, clocks, seismic creep gauges, color-television tubes' shadow-mask frames, [14] valves in engines and large aerostructure molds. [15] One of its first applications was in watch balance wheels and pendulum rods for precision regulator clocks.
On the left is the primary pendulum in its vacuum tank. The Shortt–Synchronome free pendulum clock is a complex precision electromechanical pendulum clock invented in 1921 by British railway engineer William Hamilton Shortt in collaboration with horologist Frank Hope-Jones, [1] and manufactured by the Synchronome Company, Ltd., of London. [2]
A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is an approximate harmonic oscillator : It swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on its length, and resists swinging at other rates.
The most accurate pendulum clocks were controlled electrically. [166] The Shortt–Synchronome clock, an electrical driven pendulum clock designed in 1921, was the first clock to be a more accurate timekeeper than the Earth itself. [167] A succession of innovations and discoveries led to the invention of the modern quartz timer.
An escapement is the mechanism in a mechanical clock that gives the pendulum precise impulses to keep it swinging, and allows the gear train to advance a set amount with each pendulum swing, moving the clock hands forward at a steady rate. The Riefler escapement was an improvement of the deadbeat escapement, the previous standard for precision ...
Therefore, another type of temperature-compensated pendulum, the mercury pendulum invented in 1721 by George Graham, was used in the highest-precision clocks. [8]: p.289 [4] By 1900, the highest-precision astronomical regulator clocks used pendulum rods of low thermal expansion materials such as invar [3] [2] and fused quartz. [4]