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[1] [2] For example, 20 is a primitive abundant number because: The sum of its proper divisors is 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 = 22, so 20 is an abundant number. The sums of the proper divisors of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10 are 0, 1, 3, 1 and 8 respectively, so each of these numbers is a deficient number. The first few primitive abundant numbers are:
In number theory, the aliquot sum s(n) of a positive integer n is the sum of all proper divisors of n, that is, all divisors of n other than n itself. That is, = |,. It can be used to characterize the prime numbers, perfect numbers, sociable numbers, deficient numbers, abundant numbers, and untouchable numbers, and to define the aliquot sequence of a number.
The aliquot sequence starting with a positive integer k can be defined formally in terms of the sum-of-divisors function σ 1 or the aliquot sum function s in the following way: [1] = = = > = = = If the s n-1 = 0 condition is added, then the terms after 0 are all 0, and all aliquot sequences would be infinite, and we can conjecture that all aliquot sequences are convergent, the limit of these ...
In number theory, Carmichael's theorem, named after the American mathematician R. D. Carmichael, states that, for any nondegenerate Lucas sequence of the first kind U n (P, Q) with relatively prime parameters P, Q and positive discriminant, an element U n with n ≠ 1, 2, 6 has at least one prime divisor that does not divide any earlier one except the 12th Fibonacci number F(12) = U 12 (1, − ...
Demonstration of the practicality of the number 12. In number theory, a practical number or panarithmic number [1] is a positive integer such that all smaller positive integers can be represented as sums of distinct divisors of . For example, 12 is a practical number because all the numbers from 1 to 11 can be expressed as sums of its divisors ...
Fermat's little theorem states that if p is prime and a is coprime to p, then a p−1 − 1 is divisible by p.For a positive integer a, if a composite integer x divides a x−1 − 1, then x is called a Fermat pseudoprime to base a.
Contrast the term primitive notion, which is a core concept not defined in terms of other concepts. Primitive notions are used as building blocks to define other concepts. Contrast also the term undefined behavior in computer science, in which the term indicates that a function may produce or return any result, which may or may not be correct.
The Carmichael lambda function of a prime power can be expressed in terms of the Euler totient. Any number that is not 1 or a prime power can be written uniquely as the product of distinct prime powers, in which case λ of the product is the least common multiple of the λ of the prime power factors.