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Oral rinse involves rinsing the mouth with phosphate-buffered saline for 1 minute and then spitting the solution into a vessel that examined in a pathology laboratory. Oral rinse technique can distinguish between commensal candidal carriage and candidiasis. If candidal leukoplakia is suspected, a biopsy may be indicated. [31]
Leukoplakia is, therefore, the most common premalignant lesion that occurs in the mouth. [41] Leukoplakia is more common in middle-aged and elderly males. [30] The prevalence increases with increasing age. [2] In areas of the world where smokeless tobacco use is common, there is a higher prevalence. [2]
Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised , especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any species of the genus Candida (a yeast). [4] When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush. [3] Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. [3]
Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history and clinical appearance. The differential diagnosis includes other oral white lesions such as Leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral candidiasis, lichen planus, white sponge nevus and contact stomatitis. [7] In contrast to pseudomembraneous candidiasis, this white patch cannot be wiped off. [7]
Erythroplakia is analogous to the term leukoplakia which describes white patches. Together, these are the 2 traditionally accepted types of premalignant lesion in the mouth, [9] [10] When a lesion contains both red and white areas, the term "speckled leukoplakia" or "eyrthroleukoplakia" is used.
The cause is unknown, [2] but it is thought to be caused by intracellular edema of the superficial epithelial cells coupled with retention of superficial parakeratin. . Although leukoedema is thought to be a developmental condition, it may be more common and more pronounced in smokers, and becomes less noticeable when smoking is
Treatment for thrush is considered to have failed if the symptoms do not clear within 7–14 days. There are a number of reasons for treatment failure. For example, if the infection is a different kind, such as bacterial vaginosis (the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge), rather than thrush.