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In archaeology, ground stone is a category of stone tool formed by the grinding of a coarse-grained tool stone, either purposely or incidentally. Ground stone tools are usually made of basalt , rhyolite , granite , or other cryptocrystalline and igneous stones whose coarse structure makes them ideal for grinding other materials, including ...
Stone tools have been used throughout human history but are most closely associated with prehistoric cultures and in particular those of the Stone Age.Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or knapped stone, the latter fashioned by a craftsman called a flintknapper.
A metate (or mealing stone) is a type or variety of quern, a ground stone tool used for processing grain and seeds. In traditional Mesoamerican cultures, metates are typically used by women who would grind nixtamalized maize and other organic materials during food preparation (e.g., making tortillas ).
In archaeology, lithic analysis is the analysis of stone tools and other chipped stone artifacts using basic scientific techniques. At its most basic level, lithic analyses involve an analysis of the artifact's morphology, the measurement of various physical attributes, and examining other visible features (such as noting the presence or absence of cortex, for example).
Stone slab in east-central California used to grind acorns. In archaeology, a grinding slab is a ground stone artifact generally used to grind plant materials into usable size, though some slabs were used to shape other ground stone artifacts. [1] Some grinding stones are portable; others are not and, in fact, may be part of a stone outcropping.
The mano began as a one-handed tool. Once the maize cultivation became more prevalent, the mano became a larger, two-handed tool that more efficiently ground food against an evolved basin or trough metate. [4] Besides food, Manos and metates were used to separate and pulverize clay from earthen debris and stones.
Stone tools Oldowan stone tools. May very well be earliest evidence of seafaring. Kozarnika, Dimovo Municipality [48] 1.4-1.6 Bulgaria Eastern Europe H. erectus (associated) Stone tools, hominin remains, cut marks on bone Pirro Nord [49] 1.3-1.6 [50] Italy Western Europe Stone tools Sterkfontein Member 5 [51] 1.1-1.6 South Africa Southern Africa
Quern-stones are stone tools for hand-grinding a wide variety of materials, especially for various types of grains. They are used in pairs. The lower stationary stone of early examples is called a saddle quern, while the upper mobile stone is called a muller, rubber, or handstone. The upper stone was moved in a back-and-forth motion across the ...