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Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora. [3] Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva. [4]
H. parainfluenzae biotypes I and II are capable of natural genetic transformation. [3] Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence.
The chance of a false positive test is also higher for a cervical swab, as Gram-negative diplococci native to the normal vaginal flora cannot be distinguished from N. gonorrhoeae in that context. Thus, cervical swabs must be cultured under the conditions described above.
Kingella kingae is a species of Gram-negative facultative anaerobic β-hemolytic coccobacilli. First isolated in 1960 by Elizabeth O. King, it was not recognized as a significant cause of infection in young children until the 1990s, when culture techniques had improved enough for it to be recognized.
Bacteria that are members of the 'normal flora' of the region of the infection are often also isolated from lesions involving anaerobic bacteria. [ citation needed ] Specimens obtained from wounds and subcutaneous tissue infections and abscesses in the rectal area (perirectal abscess, decubitus ulcer) or that are of gut flora origin(i.e ...
The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. [5]
Trace levels of protein in the urine can be normal, [60] but high levels (proteinuria) can indicate kidney disease. [45] Most cases of proteinuria are caused by increased levels of albumin , [ 61 ] which test strips can detect relatively well; but they are markedly less sensitive to other proteins, such as Bence-Jones protein , [ 62 ] which may ...
An alkaline urine sample is a possible sign of P. mirabilis. It can be diagnosed in the lab due to characteristic swarming motility, and inability to metabolize lactose (on a MacConkey agar plate, for example). Also P. mirabilis produces a very distinct fishy odor.