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In 1990 sulcotrione was introduced for post- emergence weed control in corn. Isoxaflutole opened the market more broadly for HPPD inhibitors when it was introduced in 1996 for corn and sugarcane, and for use as a pre-emergence herbicide that could control broadleaf weeds as did sulcotrione, but also additional grass weeds.
It is therefore effective only on actively growing plants and is not effective as a pre-emergence herbicide. Crops have been genetically engineered to be tolerant of glyphosate (e.g. Roundup Ready soybean, the first Roundup Ready crop, also created by Monsanto), which allows farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against weeds.
The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. The health impacts of the product as well as its effects on the environment have been at the center of substantial legal and scientific controversies.
Herbicide resistance increases production costs and limits herbicide options, cultivations and rotations. Up to 2009 pendimethalin did not show resistance. It is not cross-resistant with other grass weed herbicides. So pendimethalin supports other supplementary grass weed herbicides using other modes of action. [14]
As described in the BASF patent, the key step in the preparation of saflufenacil involved the reaction between a substituted aniline and an oxazinone. 2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-aminobenzoic acid and 2-dimethylamino-4-(trifluoromethyl)-6H-1,3-oxazin-6-one were heated in acetic acid to form the ring systems of the herbicide in over 90% yield, with further standard chemical transformations to generate ...
Under aerobic conditions in soils or pure cultures, products of bromoxynil degradation often retain the original bromine groups. The herbicide, and one of its common degradation products (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been shown to undergo metabolic reductive dehalogenation by the microorganism Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans. [6]