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In object-oriented programming theory, abstraction involves the facility to define objects that represent abstract "actors" that can perform work, report on and change their state, and "communicate" with other objects in the system.
In object oriented programming, objects provide a layer which can be used to separate internal from external code and implement abstraction and encapsulation. External code can only use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters, reading an instance variable, or writing to an instance variable.
All object-oriented programming (OOP) systems support encapsulation, [2] [3] but encapsulation is not unique to OOP. Implementations of abstract data types, modules, and libraries also offer encapsulation. The similarity has been explained by programming language theorists in terms of existential types. [4]
This comparison of programming languages compares how object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Object Pascal, Perl, Python, and others manipulate data structures. Object construction and destruction
The foundation of class-based object-oriented programming. Interface: A group of related methods with empty bodies, used to define methods that can be applied to different data types. Widely used in object-oriented programming for abstraction and multiple inheritance. Module
Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]
Separate an abstraction (Abstraction) from its implementation (Implementor) by putting them in separate class hierarchies. Implement the Abstraction in terms of (by delegating to) an Implementor object. This enables to configure an Abstraction with an Implementor object at run-time. See also the Unified Modeling Language class and sequence ...
[3]: 273 However, in strongly-typed object-oriented programming languages it may be somewhat complicated for a developer to write reusable homogeneous containers. Because of differences in element types this results in a tedious process of writing and keeping a collection of containers for every elemental type.