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The Gamma Knife is an apparatus used to precisely apply a controlled radiation dosage to the volume of the brain occupied by the AVM. While this treatment does not require an incision and craniotomy (with their own inherent risks), three or more years may pass before the complete effects are known, during which time patients are at risk of ...
A vascular malformation is a type of vascular anomaly. [2] They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life. Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries, and those involving the veins and arteries.
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. Usually congenital , this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system (usually as a cerebral AVM ), but can appear anywhere in the body.
In arteriovenous malformations, arteries are directly connected to veins, which increases the risk of venous rupture and hemorrhage. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in the brain have a 2–4% chance of rupture each year. However, many arteriovenous malformations go unnoticed and are asymptomatic throughout a person's lifetime. [17]
These treatments are preferred because they offer little threat to the surrounding brain tissue. However, there have been several reported cases of arteriovenous malformations recurring. [12] The young age of many patients, the complex vascular anatomy, and the sensitive location of the Vein of Galen offer considerable challenges to surgeons. [13]
The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. [2] Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body, but in 60% of patients they are localized in the head and neck region. [3] Vascular anomalies can present in various ways: when situated deep below the skin, they appear blue, and are often called cavernous.
Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome, also known as Wyburn-Mason syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by arteriovenous malformations of the brain, retina or facial nevi. [1] The syndrome has a number of possible symptoms and can, more rarely, affect the skin , bones , kidneys , muscles , and gastrointestinal tract . [ 2 ]
Sclerotherapy (the word reflects the Greek skleros, meaning hard) [1] is a procedure used to treat blood vessel malformations (vascular malformations) and also malformations of the lymphatic system. A medication is injected into the vessels, which makes them shrink. It is used for children and young adults with vascular or lymphatic malformations.