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In classical electromagnetism, magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume. [1] It is represented by a pseudovector M.
The magnetization is the negative derivative of the free energy with respect to the applied field, and so the magnetization per unit volume is = , where n is the number density of magnetic moments. [1]: 117 The formula above is known as the Langevin paramagnetic equation.
For uniform magnetization (where both the magnitude and the direction of M is the same for the entire magnet (such as a straight bar magnet) the last equation simplifies to: =, where V is the volume of the bar magnet. The magnetization is often not listed as a material parameter for commercially available ferromagnetic materials, though.
The volume magnetic susceptibility, represented by the symbol is defined by the relationship M → = χ v H → {\displaystyle {\vec {M}}=\chi _{v}{\vec {H}}} where, M → {\displaystyle {\vec {M}}} is the magnetization of the material (the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume), measured in amperes per meter ( SI units), and H → ...
M is the magnetization of the material (the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume), with unit amperes per meter, and; H is the magnetic field strength, also with the unit amperes per meter. χ v is therefore a dimensionless quantity. Using SI units, the magnetic induction B is related to H by the relationship
The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
The magnetization of a magnetized material is the local value of its magnetic moment per unit volume, usually denoted M, with units A/m. [18] It is a vector field , rather than just a vector (like the magnetic moment), because different areas in a magnet can be magnetized with different directions and strengths (for example, because of domains ...
The magnetization vector field M represents how strongly a region of material is magnetized. It is defined as the net magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of that region. The magnetization of a uniform magnet is therefore a material constant, equal to the magnetic moment m of the magnet divided by its volume.