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The covariant derivative is a generalization of the directional derivative from vector calculus.As with the directional derivative, the covariant derivative is a rule, , which takes as its inputs: (1) a vector, u, defined at a point P, and (2) a vector field v defined in a neighborhood of P. [7]
The components v i [f] are the contravariant components of the vector v in the basis f, and the components v i [f] are the covariant components of v in the basis f. The terminology is justified because under a change of basis,
The explicit form of a covariant transformation is best introduced with the transformation properties of the derivative of a function. Consider a scalar function f (like the temperature at a location in a space) defined on a set of points p, identifiable in a given coordinate system , =,, … (such a collection is called a manifold).
"Any physical law which can be expressed in tensor notation in SR has exactly the same form in a locally inertial frame of a curved spacetime." The 4-gradient commas (,) in SR are simply changed to covariant derivative semi-colons (;) in GR, with the connection between the two using Christoffel symbols. This is known in relativity physics as ...
The Levi-Civita connection (like any affine connection) also defines a derivative along curves, sometimes denoted by D. Given a smooth curve γ on (M, g) and a vector field V along γ its derivative is defined by = ˙ (). Formally, D is the pullback connection γ*∇ on the pullback bundle γ*TM.
The covariant derivative of a vector field with components is given by: ; = ) = + and similarly the ...
In the math branches of differential geometry and vector calculus, the second covariant derivative, or the second order covariant derivative, of a vector field is the derivative of its derivative with respect to another two tangent vector fields.
A covariant derivative in differential geometry is a linear differential operator which takes the directional derivative of a section of a vector bundle in a covariant manner. It also allows one to formulate a notion of a parallel section of a bundle in the direction of a vector: a section s is parallel along a vector X {\displaystyle X} if ∇ ...