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  2. Consumer (food chain) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)

    Secondary consumers are small/medium-sized carnivores that prey on herbivorous animals. Omnivores, which feed on both plants and animals, can be considered as being both primary and secondary consumers. Tertiary consumers, which are sometimes also known as apex predators, are hypercarnivorous or omnivorous animals usually at the top of food ...

  3. Ecosystem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

    In trophic systems, photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers. The organisms that consume their tissues are called primary consumers or secondary producers—herbivores. Organisms which feed on microbes (bacteria and fungi) are termed microbivores. Animals that feed on primary consumers—carnivores—are secondary consumers. Each of ...

  4. Energy flow (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)

    There are two major food chains: The primary food chain is the energy coming from autotrophs and passed on to the consumers; and the second major food chain is when carnivores eat the herbivores or decomposers that consume the autotrophic energy. [16] Consumers are broken down into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.

  5. Biomass (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)

    In a temperate grassland, grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the pyramid. Then come the primary consumers, such as grasshoppers, voles and bison, followed by the secondary consumers, shrews, hawks and small cats. Finally the tertiary consumers, large cats and wolves.

  6. Soil food web - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_food_web

    Correlations in abundance or biomass between consumers and their resources give evidence for bottom-up control. [11] An often-cited example of a bottom-up effect is the relationship between herbivores and the primary productivity of plants. In terrestrial ecosystems, the biomass of herbivores and detritivores increases with primary productivity ...

  7. Trophic level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level

    That is, the consumer trophic level is one plus the weighted average of how much different trophic levels contribute to its food. In the case of marine ecosystems, the trophic level of most fish and other marine consumers takes a value between 2.0 and 5.0.

  8. A conservationist is building bridges in the Amazon so ...

    www.aol.com/news/conservationist-building...

    Brazilian biologist Fernanda Abra was recognized by the Whitley Fund for Nature for her pioneering work to build and monitor low-cost canopy bridges over Highway BR-174 in the Amazon rainforest ...

  9. Mangrove forest - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_forest

    The main contribution of mangroves to the larger ecosystem comes from litter fall from the trees, which is then decomposed by primary consumers. Bacteria and protozoans colonise the plant litter and break it down chemically into organic compounds, minerals, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes. [8]