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Susumu Ohno was one of the most famous developers of this theory in his classic book Evolution by gene duplication (1970). [26] Ohno argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the universal common ancestor. [27] Major genome duplication events can be quite common.
Evolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be distinguished from each other. This phenomenon is understood to be an important source of novelty in evolution, providing for an expanded repertoire of molecular activities.
The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s for two reasons. First, gene mapping data in humans and mice revealed extensive paralogy regions - sets of genes on one chromosome related to sets of genes on another chromosome in the same species, indicative of duplication events in evolution. [9]
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions. One such family are the genes for human hemoglobin subunits; the ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.
Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated blocks are non-overlapping because they were created simultaneously. Segmental duplication within the genome can fulfill the first rule; but multiple independent segmental duplications could overlap each other. [18]
Gene redundancy can result from gene duplication. [1] Such duplication events are responsible for many sets of paralogous genes. [1] When an individual gene in such a set is disrupted by mutation or targeted knockout, there can be little effect on phenotype as a result of gene redundancy, whereas the effect is large for the knockout of a gene ...
This gene duplication has created a copy number variation. The chromosome now has two copies of this section of DNA, rather than one. Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. [1]
Similar to gene duplication, whole genome duplication is the process by which an organism's entire genetic information is copied, once or multiple times which is known as polyploidy. [20] This may provide an evolutionary benefit to the organism by supplying it with multiple copies of a gene thus creating a greater possibility of functional and ...