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These tensor fields should obey any relevant physical laws (for example, any electromagnetic field must satisfy Maxwell's equations).Following a standard recipe which is widely used in mathematical physics, these tensor fields should also give rise to specific contributions to the stress–energy tensor. [1]
This model is described by a quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In momentum space, the exclusion principle is valid also for finite repulsion in a Bose gas with delta-function interactions, [ 9 ] as well as for interacting spins and Hubbard model in one dimension, and for other models solvable by Bethe ansatz .
While a system of 3 bodies interacting gravitationally is chaotic, a system of 3 bodies interacting elastically is not. [clarification needed] There is no general closed-form solution to the three-body problem. [1] In other words, it does not have a general solution that can be expressed in terms of a finite number of standard mathematical ...
In theoretical physics, the Born–Infeld model or the Dirac–Born–Infeld action is a particular example of what is usually known as a nonlinear electrodynamics.It was historically introduced in the 1930s to remove the divergence of the electron's self-energy in classical electrodynamics by introducing an upper bound of the electric field at the origin.
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
The source free equations can be written by the action of the exterior derivative on this 2-form. But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions.
[1]: 6 Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. [2] [3] Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, together, most closely resemble a theory of everything. These two theories upon which all modern physics rests are general relativity and quantum mechanics.
Observable quantities corresponding to mutually exclusive laboratory arrangements cannot be predicted together, but the consideration of multiple such mutually exclusive experiments is necessary to characterize a system. Hans Primas and Roland Omnès give a more detailed breakdown that, in addition to the above, includes the following: [5]: 85