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The flavonoids are less concentrated in the pulp than in the peels (for example, 165 versus 1156 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of satsuma mandarin, and 164 vis-à-vis 804 mg/100 g in pulp versus peel of clementine). [13] Peanut (red) skin contains significant polyphenol content, including flavonoids. [14] [15]
The term polyphenol is not well-defined, but it is generally agreed that they are natural products with "several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings" including four principal classes: "phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans". [5] Flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and ...
It is difficult to evaluate the physiological effects of specific natural phenolic antioxidants, since such a large number of individual compounds may occur even in a single food and their fate in vivo cannot be measured. [1] [6] [8] Other more detailed chemical research has elucidated the difficulty of isolating individual phenolics.
Phenolics, and in particular flavonoids and isoflavonoids, may be involved in endomycorrhizae formation. [ 97 ] Acetosyringone has been best known for its involvement in plant-pathogen recognition, [ 98 ] especially its role as a signal attracting and transforming unique, oncogenic bacteria in genus Agrobacterium .
The simplest is phenol, C 6 H 5 OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenol – the simplest of the phenols Chemical structure of salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin. Phenols are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and ...
Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic –OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a") such as catechin , another class of flavonoids, and an unrelated group of metabolically important molecules, the flavins (with "i"), derived from the yellow B vitamin riboflavin .
Drinking water does not represent a significant source of exposure in comparison to other sources such as food packing materials, cleaning products, and various skin care products. Concentrations of nonylphenol in treated drinking water varied from 85 ng/L in Spain to 15 ng/L in Germany.
Flavonoids can be further divided into groups based on their similar chemical structure, such as anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and flavanols. [5] [7] Flavanols are further classified as catechins, epicatechins, and proanthocyanidins. [5] [7] In total, between 50,000 [8] and 130,000 [9] phytochemicals have been discovered.