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  2. Phase rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_rule

    In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125

  3. Lever rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_rule

    In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.

  4. Maxwell construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_construction

    The conditions of material equilibrium lead to the famous Gibbs phase rule, = +, where is the number of substances, the number of phases, and the number of independent intensive variables required to specify the state.

  5. Thermodynamic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium

    Operationally, a system is in an equilibrium state if its properties are consistently described by thermodynamic theory!" [18] J.A. Beattie and I. Oppenheim write: "Insistence on a strict interpretation of the definition of equilibrium would rule out the application of thermodynamics to practically all states of real systems." [19]

  6. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.

  7. Gibbs–Duhem equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs–Duhem_equation

    If multiple phases of matter are present, the chemical potentials across a phase boundary are equal. [8] Combining expressions for the Gibbs–Duhem equation in each phase and assuming systematic equilibrium (i.e. that the temperature and pressure is constant throughout the system), we recover the Gibbs' phase rule .

  8. Wulff construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulff_Construction

    Wulff construction. The surface free energy is shown in red, with in black normals to lines from the origin to .The inner envelope is the Wulff shape, shown in blue. The Wulff construction is a method to determine the equilibrium shape of a droplet or crystal of fixed volume inside a separate phase (usually its saturated solution or vapor).

  9. Pearlite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlite

    The proportion of ferrite and cementite forming above the eutectoid point can be calculated from the iron/iron—carbide equilibrium phase diagram using the lever rule. Steels with pearlitic (eutectoid composition) or near-pearlitic microstructure (near-eutectoid composition) can be drawn into thin wires.