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The relationship between SPL and loudness of a single tone can be approximated by Stevens's power law in which SPL has an exponent of 0.67. [ a ] A more precise model known as the Inflected Exponential function , [ 3 ] indicates that loudness increases with a higher exponent at low and high levels and with a lower exponent at moderate levels.
Instead, the time-averaged value is used. This is the time average sound level or as it is usually called the 'equivalent continuous sound level' has the formal symbol L AT as described in paragraph 3,9 "Definitions" of IEC 61672-1 where many correct formal symbols and their common abbreviations are given. These mainly follow the formal ISO ...
While 1 atm (194 dB peak or 191 dB SPL) [11] [12] is the largest pressure variation an undistorted sound wave can have in Earth's atmosphere (i. e., if the thermodynamic properties of the air are disregarded; in reality, the sound waves become progressively non-linear starting over 150 dB), larger sound waves can be present in other atmospheres ...
Quantity Unit Remarks Name Symbol Definition Name Symbol period, periodic time: T: time of one cycle: second: s: frequency: f, ν: f = 1/T: hertz: Hz: 1 Hz = 1 s −1: loudness level: L N: L N = ln(p eff /p 0) 1 kHz where p eff is the root-mean-square value of the sound pressure of a pure tone of 1 kHz, which is judged by a normal observer under standardized listening conditions as being as ...
Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...
Equal-loudness contours. The phon is a logarithmic unit of loudness level for tones and complex sounds. Loudness is measured in sones, a linear unit.Human sensitivity to sound is variable across different frequencies; therefore, although two different tones may present an identical sound pressure to a human ear, they may be psychoacoustically perceived as differing in loudness.
Sound exposure level (SEL) is a logarithmic measure of the sound exposure of a sound relative to a reference value. Sound exposure level, denoted L E and measured in dB, is defined by [1]
The reference sound intensity I 0 is defined such that a progressive plane wave has the same value of sound intensity level (SIL) and sound pressure level (SPL), since . The equality of SIL and SPL requires that I I 0 = p 2 p 0 2 , {\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}={\frac {p^{2}}{p_{0}^{2}}},} where p 0 = 20 μPa is the reference sound pressure.