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Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, and flexible electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials, and favoured by massive cost decreases in graphene production. [1] [2] [3]
The onset temperature of reaction between the basal plane of single-layer graphene and oxygen gas is below 260 °C (530 K). [2] Graphene combusts at 350 °C (620 K). [3] Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Graphene has the highest ratio of edge atoms of any allotrope. Defects within a sheet increase its chemical reactivity. [184] The onset temperature of reaction between the basal plane of single-layer graphene and oxygen gas is below 260 °C (530 K). [185] Graphene burns at very low temperatures (e.g., 350 °C (620 K)). [186]
The two-dimensional electron system in graphene can be tuned to either a 2DEG or 2DHG (2-D hole gas) by gating or chemical doping. This has been a topic of current research due to the versatile (some existing but mostly envisaged) applications of graphene. [2] A separate class of heterostructures that can host 2DEGs are oxides.
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. [1]Isolated 2D crystals cannot be grown via chemical synthesis beyond small sizes even in principle, because the rapid growth of phonon density with increasing lateral size forces 2D crystallites to bend into the third dimension. [2]
For instance, oxygen groups attached to the surface of carbon nanotubes have the potential to catalyze oxidative dehydrogenations [172] or selective oxidations. [173] Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes may replace platinum catalysts used to reduce oxygen in fuel cells. A forest of vertically aligned nanotubes can reduce oxygen in alkaline solution ...
Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) is the measurement of the amount of oxygen gas that passes through a substance over a given period. It is mostly carried out on non-porous materials, where the mode of transport is diffusion, but there are a growing number of applications where the transmission rate also depends on flow through apertures of some description.
The electronic properties of graphene are significantly influenced by the supporting substrate. [59] [60] The Si(100)/H surface does not perturb graphene's electronic properties, whereas the interaction between it and the clean Si(100) surface changes its electronic states significantly. This effect results from the covalent bonding between C ...