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The precise origins of the positioning concept are unclear. Cano (2003), Schwartzkopf (2008), and others have argued that the concepts of market segmentation and positioning were central to the tacit knowledge that informed brand advertising from the 1920s, but did not become codified in marketing textbooks and journal articles until the 1950s and 60s.
Successful brand management also results in perceived uniqueness even when the physical product is the same as competitors. This way, Chiquita was able to brand bananas, Starbucks could brand coffee, and Nike could brand sneakers. Fashion brands rely heavily on this form of image differentiation.
From the line extension to brand extension, however, there are many different types of extension such as "brand alliance", [12] co-branding [13] [14] or "brand franchise extension". [15] Tauber (1988) suggests seven strategies to identify extension cases such as product with parent brand's benefit, same product with different price or quality, etc.
A familiar jingle or voice associated with a brand enhances brand and ad awareness, ultimately increasing brand equity. This is an example of "Integrated Marketing Communications", in which multiple marketing channels are simultaneously utilized to increase the strength and reach of the marketing message.
For example, Nike's brand represents the value of a "just do it" attitude. [71] Thus, this form of brand identification attracts customers who also share this same value. Even more extensive than its perceived values is a brand's personality. [69] Quite literally, one can easily describe a successful brand identity as if it were a person. [69]
In marketing, brand management is the control of how a brand is perceived in the market.Tangible elements of brand management include the look, price, and packaging of the product itself; intangible elements are the experiences that the target markets share with the brand, and the relationships they have with it.