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  2. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    the point's distance from a reference point called the pole, and; the point's direction from the pole relative to the direction of the polar axis, a ray drawn from the pole. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate, radial distance or simply radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. [1 ...

  3. Great-circle navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_navigation

    For example, to find the midpoint of the path, substitute σ = 1 ⁄ 2 (σ 01 + σ 02); alternatively to find the point a distance d from the starting point, take σ = σ 01 + d/R. Likewise, the vertex, the point on the great circle with greatest latitude, is found by substituting σ = + 1 ⁄ 2 π. It may be convenient to parameterize the ...

  4. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates. These are the radial distance r along the line connecting the point to a fixed point called the origin; the polar angle θ between this radial line and a given polar axis; [a] and

  6. Clock position - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_position

    The angular distance between adjacent clock numbers is 30 degrees, a round unit that simplifies mathematical juggling. A quick clock number can be shouted by a lookout, whereas after a calculation and comparison of compass points, which might be unknown anyway, it might be too late for the vessel to avoid danger.

  7. Turn-by-turn navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-by-turn_navigation

    Turn-by-turn navigation is a feature of some satellite navigation devices where directions for a selected route are continually presented to the user in the form of spoken or visual instructions. [1] The system keeps the user up-to-date about the best route to the destination, and is often updated according to changing factors such as traffic ...

  8. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...

  9. Azimuthal equidistant projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant...

    A point on the globe is chosen as "the center" in the sense that mapped distances and azimuth directions from that point to any other point will be correct. That point, ( φ 0 , λ 0 ), will project to the center of a circular projection, with φ referring to latitude and λ referring to longitude.