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Phenomenological description has found widespread application within psychology and the cognitive sciences. For example, Maurice Merleau-Ponty is the first well known phenomenologist to openly mingle the results of empirical research with phenomenologically descriptive research.
The philosopher A. J. Ayer criticized Merleau-Ponty's arguments against the sense datum theory of perception, finding them inconclusive. He considered Merleau-Ponty's inclusion of a chapter on sexuality surprising, suggesting that Merleau-Ponty included it to give him an opportunity to revisit the Hegelian dialectic of the master and the slave.
In 1929, Merleau-Ponty received his DES degree (diplôme d'études supérieures , roughly equivalent to a M.A. thesis) from the University of Paris, on the basis of the (now-lost) thesis La Notion de multiple intelligible chez Plotin ("Plotinus's Notion of the Intelligible Many"), directed by Émile Bréhier. [7]
Merleau-Ponty reinterprets concepts like intentionality, the phenomenological reduction, and the eidetic method to capture our inherence in the perceived world, that is, our embodied coexistence with things through a kind of reciprocal exchange.
Embodiment theory speaks to the ways that experiences are enlivened, materialized, and situated in the world through the body.Embodiment is a relatively amorphous and dynamic conceptual framework in anthropological research that emphasizes possibility and process as opposed to definitive typologies. [1]
Instead of seeing perception as a passive process determined entirely by the features of an independently existing world, enactivism suggests that organism and environment are structurally coupled and co-determining. The theory was first formalized by Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch in "The Embodied Mind". [15]
Maurice Merleau-Ponty describes the temporal phenomenology of perception in the Phenomenology of Perception as follows: "Husserl uses the terms protentions and retentions for the intentionalities which anchor me to an environment.
Giorgi's speciality is in the area of psychological research practices, especially qualitative research approaches. He is the developer of a phenomenological method (The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology) based on the thought of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. He has directed over 100 dissertations that have used the method on a wide ...