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Examples of mechanoreceptors include baroreceptors which detect changes in blood pressure, Merkel's discs which can detect sustained touch and pressure, and hair cells which detect sound stimuli. Homeostatic imbalances that can serve as internal stimuli include nutrient and ion levels in the blood, oxygen levels, and water levels.
An example of such a response is the opening and closing of flowers (photonastic response), movement of euglena, chlamydomonas towards the source of light [citation needed]. They are named with the suffix "-nasty" and have prefixes that depend on the stimuli:
Pharotaxis is the movement to a specific location in response to learned or conditioned stimuli, or navigation by means of landmarks. [20] [21] Phonotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to sound. Phototaxis is the movement of an organism in response to light: that is, the response to variation in light intensity and direction.
For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation to water. With increased water saturation in the soil there is an increase in the direction of its movement towards the aimed place. [1] Klinokinesis: in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity.
A specific cellular response is the result of the transduced signal in the final stage of cell signaling. This response can essentially be any cellular activity that is present in a body. It can spur the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or even as catalysis by an enzyme.
The perception begins when thermal stimuli from a homeostatic set-point excite temperature specific sensory nerves in the skin. Then with the help of sensing range, specific thermosensory fibers respond to warmth and to cold. Then specific cutaneous cold and warm receptors conduct units that exhibit a discharge at constant skin temperature. [15]
A supernormal stimulus leads to an exaggerated response. [10] Supernormal stimuli are more effective at releasing a response than a natural stimulus. [10] An external stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is termed a sign stimulus if the stimuli emanates from the environment, [9] whereas a releaser emanates from one's own species. [9]
External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called exteroreceptors. [4] Exteroreceptors include chemoreceptors such as olfactory receptors and taste receptors, photoreceptors (), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (), hair cells (hearing and balance), and a number of other different mechanoreceptors for touch and proprioception (stretch, distortion and stress).