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In particular, the same formula may appear twice in the same sequence. The full set of sequent calculus inference rules contains rules to swap adjacent formulas on the left and on the right of the assertion symbol (and thereby arbitrarily permute the left and right sequences), and also to insert arbitrary formulas and remove duplicate copies ...
In mathematics, the Skolem problem is the problem of determining whether the values of a constant-recursive sequence include the number zero. The problem can be formulated for recurrences over different types of numbers, including integers, rational numbers, and algebraic numbers. It is not known whether there exists an algorithm that can solve ...
Langford pairings are named after C. Dudley Langford, who posed the problem of constructing them in 1958. Langford's problem is the task of finding Langford pairings for a given value of n. [1] The closely related concept of a Skolem sequence [2] is defined in the same way, but instead permutes the sequence 0, 0, 1, 1, ..., n − 1, n − 1.
In proof theory and mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a family of formal systems sharing a certain style of inference and certain formal properties. The first sequent calculi systems, LK and LJ, were introduced in 1934/1935 by Gerhard Gentzen [1] as a tool for studying natural deduction in first-order logic (in classical and intuitionistic versions, respectively).
General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis .
Equivalently, a sequence is a harmonic progression when each term is the harmonic mean of the neighboring terms. As a third equivalent characterization, it is an infinite sequence of the form 1 a , 1 a + d , 1 a + 2 d , 1 a + 3 d , ⋯ , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{a}},\ {\frac {1}{a+d}},\ {\frac {1}{a+2d}},\ {\frac {1}{a+3d}},\cdots ,}