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A horizontal line is a straight, flat line that goes from left to right. Given a function (i.e. from the real numbers to the real numbers), we can decide if it is injective by looking at horizontal lines that intersect the function's graph. If any horizontal line intersects the graph in more than one point, the function is not injective.
If is a function with finite domain it is sufficient to look through the list of images of each domain element and check that no image occurs twice on the list. A graphical approach for a real-valued function f {\displaystyle f} of a real variable x {\displaystyle x} is the horizontal line test .
Conversely, every line is the set of all solutions of a linear equation. The phrase "linear equation" takes its origin in this correspondence between lines and equations: a linear equation in two variables is an equation whose solutions form a line. If b ≠ 0, the line is the graph of the function of x that has been defined in the preceding ...
Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; [2] it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability p, in the case where the needle length l is not greater than the width t of the strips, is. This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number π ...
For example, y = x 2 fails the horizontal line test: it fails to be one-to-one. The inverse is the algebraic "function" x = ± y {\displaystyle x=\pm {\sqrt {y}}} . Another way to understand this, is that the set of branches of the polynomial equation defining our algebraic function is the graph of an algebraic curve .
Bounded function. A schematic illustration of a bounded function (red) and an unbounded one (blue). Intuitively, the graph of a bounded function stays within a horizontal band, while the graph of an unbounded function does not. In mathematics, a function defined on some set with real or complex values is called bounded if the set of its values ...
The test functions used to evaluate the algorithms for MOP were taken from Deb, [4] Binh et al. [5] and Binh. [6] The software developed by Deb can be downloaded, [7] which implements the NSGA-II procedure with GAs, or the program posted on Internet, [8] which implements the NSGA-II procedure with ES.
Bump function. In mathematics, a bump function (also called a test function) is a function on a Euclidean space which is both smooth (in the sense of having continuous derivatives of all orders) and compactly supported. The set of all bump functions with domain forms a vector space, denoted or The dual space of this space endowed with a ...