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Frequency. 2% (people in hospital) [1] Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. [1] Complications may include seizures, coma, rhabdomyolysis, or softening of the bones.
Rare (1 in 100,000); [3] more common in some populations [4] Hypophosphatasia (/ ˌhaɪpoʊˈfɒsfeɪtˌeɪʒə /; also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase, phosphoethanolaminuria, [5] or Rathbun's syndrome; [1] sometimes abbreviated HPP[6]) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, inherited [7] metabolic bone disease. [8]
Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurs when levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exceed the reference range. This group of enzymes has a low substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in a basic environment. The major function of alkaline phosphatase is transporting chemicals across cell membranes. [1]
hypocalcemia. Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological function, fluid balance, oxygen delivery, acid–base balance and much more.
2,4-Dinitrophenol. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOC 6 H 3 (NO 2) 2. It has been used in explosives manufacturing and as a pesticide and herbicide. In humans, DNP causes dose-dependent mitochondrial uncoupling, causing the rapid loss of ATP as heat and leading to uncontrolled hyperthermia ...
Low levels of potassium, phosphate, or magnesium before eating. Alcohol use disorder. Some types of medications [1]: 37–38. Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness.
It does not cause weight gain and has less hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas. Sitagliptin is recommended as a second-line drug (in combination with other drugs) after the combination of diet/exercise and metformin fails. [28]
Gastrointestinal upset can cause severe discomfort; it is most common when metformin is first administered, or when the dose is increased. [74] The discomfort can often be avoided by beginning at a low dose (1.0 to 1.7 g/day) and increasing the dose gradually, but even with low doses, 5% of people may be unable to tolerate metformin.