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The role of leptin/leptin receptors in modulation of T cell activity and the innate immune system was shown in experimentation with mice. It modulates the immune response to atherosclerosis, of which obesity is a predisposing and exercise a mitigating factor.
The melanocortin system is a critical regulator of energy balance, in both feeding behaviors and energy expenditure, [1] as well as peripheral tissues such as skin and hair. [2] This system is a principal nexus of body weight regulation through its role in appetite and energy expenditure via leptin, ghrelin and agouti-related protein.
While leptin and ghrelin are produced peripherally, they control appetite through their actions on the central nervous system. In particular, they and other appetite-related hormones act on the hypothalamus , a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.
The Melanocortin system has been largely unexplored in drug development but recent approvals, its novelty and wide-spread application across indications has led it to the frontier of new discoveries in medicine. Since Vyleesi approval multiple companies have initiated drug discovery programs targeting the melanocortin system.
Leptin's role in neuroplasticity is currently still being elucidated, but it has been proven to be active in regions of the brain closely linked to depression. [10] It was found that leptin has antidepressant-like effects similar to that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). [11]
Leptin is a peptide hormone that affects homeostasis and immune responses. [15] Lowering food intake can lower leptin levels in the body, while increasing the intake of food can raise leptin levels. Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract , many hormones , and both the ...
They control spermatogenesis and the ovarian cycle, parturition, lactation, and maternal behaviour [citation needed]. They control the body's response to stress [8] and infection. [9] They regulate the body's metabolism, influencing eating and drinking behaviour, and influence how energy intake is utilised, that is, how fat is metabolised. [10]
Like other cytokine receptors, Leptin receptor protein has three different regions: i) extracellular, ii) trans-membrane, and iii) intracellular.The extracellular part has 5 functional domains: [12] i) membrane distal 1st cytokine receptor homology (CRH1), ii) Immunoglobulin like (Ig), iii) 2nd cytokine receptor homology (CRH2) and iv) two membrane proximal fibronectine type-III (FNIII) domains.