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Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism started as an Indo-Iranian polytheistic religion: according to Yujin Nagasawa, like the rest of the Zoroastrian texts, the Old Avesta does not teach monotheism. [21] By contrast, Md. Sayem characterizes Zoroastrianism as being one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world. [22]
Zoroastrian or Iranian cosmology refers to the origins and structure (cosmography) of the cosmos in Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrian literature describing cosmographical beliefs include the Avesta (especially in its description of Avestan geography) and, in later Middle Persian literature, texts including the Bundahishn, Denkard, and the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram.
While the division along the lines of Zoroaster/astrology and Ostanes/magic is an "oversimplification, the descriptions do at least indicate what the works are not"; they were not expressions of Zoroastrian doctrine, they were not even expressions of what the Greeks and Romans "imagined the doctrines of Zoroastrianism to have been". [105]
The Faravahar, one of the most prominent symbols used to represent Zoroastrianism. In 2012, a study by the Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America published a demographic picture of Zoroastrianism around the world, which was compared with an earlier study from 2004. [1]
The "three Persian religions" include: Zoroastrianism (xiān-jiào 祆教); The Christian Church of the East (jǐng-jiào 景教); Manichaeism (míng-jiào 明教); Zoroastrianism was first introduced to China during the early Northern and Southern dynasties period, while Christianity and Manichaeism were both introduced to the Central Plains during the Tang dynasty.
The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, at which the Yasna text is recited. The most important portion of the Yasna texts are the five Gathas , consisting of seventeen hymns attributed to Zoroaster himself.
The Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA) is based in the United States and also quarterly publishes the Fezana Journal. [4] It claimed that the American Zoroastrian community grew by 33.5% between 2004 and 2012 to 15,000 adherents, [5] while the overall North American community grew by 24.4% to 20,847 adherents. [6]
A group of Zoroastrian women in western India, circa 1855. Zoroastrianism has since its inception recognized total spiritual equality between women and men. [1] The spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism, the eponymous Zoroaster, explicitly addressed both men and women, and affirmed that individuals of either gender could be righteous and could achieve salvation, [1] an apparent innovation ...