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As is observed for most elements, a diatomic scandium hydride has been observed spectroscopically at high temperatures in the gas phase. [5] Scandium borides and carbides are non-stoichiometric, as is typical for neighboring elements. [41] Lower oxidation states (+2, +1, 0) have also been observed in organoscandium compounds. [42] [4] [43] [44]
The chemistry of scandium is almost completely dominated by the trivalent ion, Sc 3+, due to its electron configuration, [Ar] 3d 1 4s 2. The radii of M 3+ ions in the table below indicate that the chemical properties of scandium ions have more in common with yttrium ions than with aluminium ions. In part because of this similarity, scandium is ...
Atomic number (Z): 21: Group: group 3: Period: period 4: Block d-block Electron configuration [] 3d 1 4sElectrons per shell: 2, 8, 9, 2: Physical properties; Phase at ...
This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being 44m2 Sc (t 1/2 58.6 h). The isotopes of scandium range from 37 Sc to 62 Sc. The primary decay mode at masses lower than the only stable isotope, 45 Sc, is beta-plus or electron capture , and the primary mode at masses above it is beta-minus.
Scandium concentrates in the liver and is a threat to it; some of its compounds are possibly carcinogenic, even though in general scandium is not toxic. [80] Scandium is known to have reached the food chain, but in trace amounts only; a typical human takes in less than 0.1 micrograms per day. [80]
Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion.
Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Z; 1 hydrogen: H −1 +1: 1 2 helium: He 0 18
However, if a scandium atom is ionized by removing electrons (only), the configurations differ: Sc is [Ar] 4s 2 3d 1, Sc + is [Ar] 4s 1 3d 1, and Sc 2+ is [Ar] 3d 1. The subshell energies and their order depend on the nuclear charge; 4s is lower than 3d as per the Madelung rule in K with 19 protons, but 3d is lower in Sc 2+ with 21 protons.