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The diagnosis of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is usually made by echocardiographic assessment and is defined as a peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient of ≥ 30 mmHg. [35] Another, non-obstructive variant of HCM is apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM or ApHCM), [37] also called Yamaguchi syndrome.
Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
The overall rate of survival among those who have OHCA is 10%. [136] [137] Among those who have an OHCA, 70% occur at home, and their survival rate is 6%. [138] [139] For those who have an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), the survival rate one year from at least the occurrence of cardiac arrest is estimated to be 13%. [140]
In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched. [29] In the other types, the heart's left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically an inherited condition. [30]
[1] [4] left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is defined as an abnormal increase in LVM, an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. [5] [6] [7] LVM is also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease even within the normal limits. [8]
In the absence of heart failure, hypertension, with or without enlargement of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) is usually symptomless. [citation needed] Symptoms, signs and consequences of congestive heart failure can include: Fatigue; Irregular pulse or palpitations; Swelling of feet and ankles; Weight gain; Nausea; Shortness of breath
Ventricular remodeling may include ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, cardiomegaly, and other changes. It is an aspect of cardiomyopathy, of which there are many types. Concentric hypertrophy is due to pressure overload, while eccentric hypertrophy is due to volume overload. [6]
Coronary perfusion pressures are decreased by these factors, which also increase myocardial oxygen consumption, possibly leading to left ventricular hypertrophy. As the left ventricle becomes unable to compensate for an acute rise in systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema or myocardial ischemia may occur. [6]