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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare [5] [6] but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotics (neuroleptic) or other drugs that block the effects of dopamine. [1] [7] Symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate. [1]
As haloperidol is a high-potency typical antipsychotic, it tends to produce significant extrapyramidal side effects. According to a 2013 meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs it was the most prone of the 15 for causing extrapyramidal side effects.
These side effects are serious and some of them are permanent, and many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development.
Haloperidol decanoate is provided in the form of 50 or 100 mg/mL oil solution of sesame oil and benzyl alcohol in ampoules or pre-filled syringes. [6] [7] [9] Its elimination half-life after multiple doses is 21 days. [10] [11] The medication is marketed in many countries throughout the world. [3] [12
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine , benztropine , diphenhydramine , and ...
The reaction is not life-threatening. [2] For clarification, oculogyric seizures, also termed versive seizures, represent one of the manifestations of epilepsy. These seizures exhibit the same upward eye movement observed in OGC but are classified as a specific subtype of epilepsy. [3]
fluphenazine and haloperidol: more extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and less antihistaminic effects (e.g. sedation), alpha adrenergic antagonism (e.g. orthostatic hypotension), and anticholinergic effects (e.g. dry mouth) middle: perphenazine and loxapine: intermediate D2 affinity, with more off-target effects than high-potency agents low ...
Dopamine receptor flow chart. Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. [1] The D 1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gα s/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D 2-like class is coupled to Gα i/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production.