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Indeterminate cystic masses with thickened, irregular or smooth walls or septa with measurable enhancement. Approximately 40 to 60% of these lesions are ultimately found to be malignant, most commonly in the forms of cystic renal cell carcinoma and its multiloculated variant.
This stage accounts for 17% of kidney cancers and 69% of people are expected to live 5 years with this progression of kidney cancer. •Stage 4, the kidney tumour has spread to a distant organ or lymph node. 16% of kidney cancers are progressed to this stage and of those people, 12% of them are expected to live 5 years. [4]
Scarring disturbs the filtering process of the kidneys and allows protein to leak from the blood into the urine. However, glomerulosclerosis is one of many causes of proteinuria. A kidney biopsy (the removal of a tiny part of the kidney with a needle) may be necessary to determine whether a patient has glomerulosclerosis or another kidney problem.
Thrombosis usually occurs in the kidney veins although it can also occur in arteries. Treatment is with oral anticoagulants (not heparin as heparin acts via anti-thrombin 3 which is lost in the proteinuria so it will be ineffective.) Hypercoagulopathy due to extravasation of fluid from the blood vessels (edema) is also a risk for venous thrombosis.
Taken as a whole, if the disease is limited to the kidney, only 20–30% develop metastatic disease after nephrectomy. [110] More specific subsets show a five-year survival rate of around 90–95% for tumors less than 4 cm. For larger tumors confined to the kidney without venous invasion, survival is still relatively good at 80–85%.
As the glomerulonephritis progresses, the tubules of the kidney become infected, leading to atrophy and hyalinisation. The kidney appears to shrink. Treatment with corticosteroids is attempted if the disease progresses. [citation needed] In extremely rare cases, the disease has been known to run in families, usually passed down through the females.
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