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  2. Implied volatility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_volatility

    The function f is monotonically increasing in σ, meaning that a higher value for volatility results in a higher theoretical value of the option. Conversely, by the inverse function theorem , there can be at most one value for σ that, when applied as an input to f ( σ , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle f(\sigma ,\cdot )\,} , will result in a particular ...

  3. How implied volatility works with options trading

    www.aol.com/finance/implied-volatility-works...

    High IV may equal more uncertainty and potential risk. So conservative investors might want to avoid options with very high implied volatility or use it to set stop-loss orders and hedge positions ...

  4. Roman numeral analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral_analysis

    A maj7 becomes IV maj7 (also IV ∆7, or simply IV) B 7 becomes V 7 (or simply V; often V 9 or V 13 in a jazz context) C ♯ m 7 becomes VI m7 (also VI −7, VI min7, VIm, or VI −) D ♯ ø7 becomes VII ø7 (also VII m7b5, VII-7b5, or VII ø) In popular music and rock music, "borrowing" of chords from the parallel minor of a major key is ...

  5. List of numeral systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems

    "A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]

  6. Roman numerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals

    iv = 4,000 XXV = 25,000 The vinculum came into use in the late Republic , [ 50 ] and it was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval period).

  7. Initialization vector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector

    Properties of an IV depend on the cryptographic scheme used. A basic requirement is uniqueness, which means that no IV may be reused under the same key. For block ciphers, repeated IV values devolve the encryption scheme into electronic codebook mode: equal IV and equal plaintext result in equal ciphertext.

  8. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    Roughly, that means that the effect of a variable is only revealed for the subpopulations affected by the observed changes in the instruments, and that subpopulations which respond most to changes in the instruments will have the largest effects on the magnitude of the IV estimate.

  9. Actuarial notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_notation

    Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with interest rates and life tables.. Traditional notation uses a halo system, where symbols are placed as superscript or subscript before or after the main letter.