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Electrokinetic remediation, also termed electrokinetics, is a technique of using direct electric current to remove organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from the soil by electric potential. [1] [2] [3] The use of this technique provides an approach with minimum disturbance to the surface while treating subsurface contaminants.
Phytoextraction is a subprocess of phytoremediation in which plants remove dangerous elements or compounds from soil or water, most usually heavy metals, metals that have a high density and may be toxic to organisms even at relatively low concentrations. [1]
A system to achieve this can consist of a “feeder layer” of soil suspended above a contaminated stream through which plants grow, extending the bulk of their roots into the water. The feeder layer allows the plants to receive fertilizer without contaminating the stream, while simultaneously removing heavy metals from the water. [4]
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. [1] It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". [2]
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce proteins that bind heavy metals and thereby decrease their bioavailability. [47] [48] The removal of soil contaminants by mycorrhizal fungi is called mycorrhizoremediation. [49] Mycorrhizal fungi, especially AMF, can greatly improve the phytoremediation capacity of some plants.
Peat moss seems to be an effective ion-exchange material for removing heavy metals and some anions. Removal efficiency of cations approaches 100% at low pH, but the strong dependency on pH and the initial metal ion concentration have to be considered.
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Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, [1] is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. [2] Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. [ 3 ] The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators , proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions.