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Electrokinetic remediation, also termed electrokinetics, is a technique of using direct electric current to remove organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from the soil by electric potential. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The use of this technique provides an approach with minimum disturbance to the surface while treating subsurface contaminants .
Other remediation techniques include thermal desorption, vitrification, air stripping, bioleaching, rhizofiltration, and soil washing. Biological treatment, bioremediation, is a similar approach used to treat wastes including wastewater, industrial waste and solid waste.
Cadmium (Cd 2+) is converted to immobile Cd metal. [9] Chloramines are effectively reduced by ZVI. [10] Nitrate reduction by iron powder is observed at pH ≤ 4. [11] Ammonia is the end product. Using nanoscale iron, Nitrogen gas (N 2) is the product. [12] Nitrated aromatics are reduced by bulk iron. [7] [13] [14] Chlorinated pesticides such as ...
Nitrogen and phosphorus are considered as major pollutants in the wastewater whose removal and recovery are required for sustainable treatment systems. Nitrogen is conventionally removed by biological nitrification and denitrification processes which involves a very high energy and cost in wastewater treatment.
The surface reactions take three different forms: direct reduction, electron shunting through ferrous iron, and reduction by production and reaction of hydrogen. Pathway A represents direct electron transfer (ET) for Fe 0 to the adsorbed halocarbon (RX) at the metal/water point of contact, resulting in dechlorination and production of Fe 2+.
Heavy metal detox, or detoxification, is the removal of toxic heavy metal substances from the body. In conventional medicine, detoxification can also be achieved artificially by techniques such as dialysis and (in a very limited number of cases) chelation therapy. There is a firm scientific base in evidence-based medicine for this treatment. [1]
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