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Unit 731 (Japanese: 731部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai), [note 1] short for Manchu Detachment 731 and also known as the Kamo Detachment [3]: 198 and the Ishii Unit, [5] was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that engaged in lethal human experimentation and biological weapons manufacturing during the Second Sino-Japanese War ...
The name for the operation came from the Japanese use of the code name PX for Pestis bacillus-infected fleas. In planning the operation, the navy partnered with Lieutenant-General Shirō Ishii of Unit 731, who had extensive experience on weaponizing pathogenic bacteria and human vulnerability to biological and chemical warfare. [2]
In 2005, the Tokyo High Court upheld the ruling of the Tokyo District Court in 2002 and rejected the request for an apology from the Japanese government for its biological warfare in China before and during World War II. [31] The Japanese Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeal, stating that international law prohibits foreign citizens ...
Ping Fan Facility of Japanese Army Unit 731, Pingfang District, Manchuria during World War II. Japan became interested in obtaining biological weapons during the early 1930s. [1] Following the international ban on germ warfare in interstate conflicts by the 1925 Geneva Protocol, Japan reasoned that disease epidemics must make effective weapons. [1]
Unit 100 (第百部隊, dai-hyaku butai) was an Imperial Japanese Army facility called the Kwantung Army Warhorse Disease Prevention Shop [1] that focused on the development of biological weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police.
By the time World War II was in full swing, Japan had the most interest in using biological warfare. Japan's Air Force dropped massive amounts of ceramic bombs filled with bubonic plague-infested fleas in Ningbo, China. These attacks would eventually lead to thousands of deaths years after the war would end. [25]
Unit Ei 1644 (Japanese: 栄1644部隊) — also known as Unit 1644, Detachment Ei 1644, Detachment Ei, Detachment Tama, [1]: 310–311 The Nanking Detachment, or simply Unit Ei, was a Japanese laboratory and biological warfare facility under control of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department.
Unit Oka 9420 (Japanese: 岡9420部隊, Hepburn: Oka 9420 Butai), also known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group (南方軍防疫供水部, Nanpōgun Bōeki Kyūsui-bu), was a disease research unit within the Japanese army.