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Transylvania is a historical region in central and northwestern Romania.It was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD), Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries), the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire.
Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, coupled with its multi-cultural character. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, Cluj-Napoca , and other very well preserved medieval iconic cities and towns such as Brașov , Sibiu , Târgu Mureș , Bistrița , Alba Iulia , Mediaș , and Sighișoara .
The Principality of Transylvania, from 1765 the Grand Principality of Transylvania, was a realm of the Hungarian Crown [1] [2] ruled by the Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy (later Austrian Empire) and governed by mostly Hungarians.
There is an ongoing scholarly debate among Hungarian and Romanian historians regarding the medieval population of Transylvania.While some Romanian historians claim there was a continuous Romanian majority, Hungarian historians argue that Romanians continuously settled in the Kingdom of Hungary, of which Transylvania was a part.
Principality of Transylvania at the end of 16th century. The Principality of Transylvania was established in 1570 when John II renounced his claim as King of Hungary in the Treaty of Speyer (ratified in 1571), [12] [22] and became a Transylvanian prince. [23]
It is unclear whether they used the term Kaukaland (land of the mountains) for Transylvania proper or the whole Carpathians. The (Vizi)Goths were unable to preserve the region's Roman era infrastructures. The goldmines of Transylvania were ruined and unused during the Early Middle Age.
Changes in the administration of Transylvania between 1300 and 1867. The Voivode of Transylvania (German: Vojwode von Siebenbürgen; [1] Hungarian: erdélyi vajda; [1] [2] Latin: voivoda Transsylvaniae; [1] [2] Romanian: voievodul Transilvaniei) [3] was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century.
[14] [16] Polish troops invaded Transylvania and his allies abandoned Rákóczi who was forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty, promising to pay 1,2 million florins as compensation to the Commonwealth on 22 July 1657. [15] [16] Rákóczi hurried back to Transylvania, leaving the bulk of his army behind. [14]