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Capital adequacy ratio is the ratio which determines the bank's capacity to meet the time liabilities and other risks such as credit risk, operational risk etc. In the most simple formulation, a bank's capital is the "cushion" for potential losses, and protects the bank's depositors and other lenders.
Tier 2 capital, or supplementary capital, includes a number of important and legitimate constituents of a bank's capital requirement. [ 1 ] [ note 1 ] These forms of banking capital were largely standardized in the Basel I accord, issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and left untouched by the Basel II accord.
AVC [2] (Asset Value Correlation) was introduced by the Basel III Framework, and is applied as following: A V C = 1.25 {\displaystyle AVC=1.25} if the company is a large regulated financial institution (total asset equal or greater to US $100 billion) or an unregulated financial institution regardless of size
If the expected loss amount is less than the provisions, the supervisor must consider if this is a true picture of reality, and, if so, then include the difference in Tier II capital. The expected losses for equity exposures under the PD/LGD approach is deducted 50% from Tier I and 50% from Tier II capital.
Basel III requires banks to have a minimum CET1 ratio (Common Tier 1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets (RWAs)) at all times of: . 4.5%; Plus: A mandatory "capital conservation buffer" or "stress capital buffer requirement", equivalent to at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets, but could be higher based on results from stress tests, as determined by national regulators.
To be well-capitalized under federal bank regulatory agency definitions, a bank holding company must have a Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%, a combined Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital ratio of at least 10%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5%, and not be subject to a directive, order, or written agreement to meet and maintain specific capital levels.
Tier 1 capital is the core measure of a bank's financial strength from a regulator's point of view. [ note 1 ] It is composed of core capital , [ 1 ] which consists primarily of common stock and disclosed reserves (or retained earnings ), [ 2 ] but may also include non-redeemable non-cumulative preferred stock .
In response to the financial crisis, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published revised global standards, known as Basel III. [18] The Committee claimed that the new standards would lead to a better quality of capital, increased coverage of risk for capital market activities and better liquidity standards among other benefits.