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It has been reported to cause methemoglobinemia after overdose and even normal doses. [12] In at least one case the patient had pre-existing low levels of methemoglobin reductase, [13] which likely predisposed her to the condition. It has also been reported to cause sulfhemoglobinemia. [4] [14] [15] [16] Phenazopyridine is an azo dye.
Hyperuricosuria is a medical term referring to the presence of excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine. For men this is at a rate greater than 800 mg/day, and for women, 750 mg/day. [ 1 ] Notable direct causes of hyperuricosuria are dissolution of uric acid crystals in the kidneys or urinary bladder , and hyperuricemia .
ATN presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is one of the most common causes of AKI. [2] Common causes of ATN include low blood pressure and use of nephrotoxic drugs. [2] The presence of "muddy brown casts" of epithelial cells found in the urine during urinalysis is pathognomonic for ATN. [3]
Because the kidney is responsible for making urine, analyzing the urine directly can provide crucial data that can help the physician diagnose nephritic syndrome. [33] Some findings on urinalysis that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include red blood cells ( hematuria ), red blood cell casts , proteinuria , and possibly white blood cells ...
There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin , lithium).
Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is the result of a consistent elevation of the force of blood being pumped throughout the body, whereas secondary hypertension is the result of high blood pressure due to another medical condition.> Diseases that can cause secondary hypertension include diabetic nephropathy, glomerular disease, polycystic kidney disease, cushing ...
"Hypertensive" refers to high blood pressure and "nephropathy" means damage to the kidney; hence this condition is where chronic high blood pressure causes damages to kidney tissue; this includes the small blood vessels, glomeruli, kidney tubules and interstitial tissues. The tissue hardens and thickens which is known as nephrosclerosis. [2]
Despite these facts, the ischemic cascade can be generally characterized as follows: [citation needed] Low blood supply decreases amount of oxygen that reaches tissues, leading to hypoxia; Deficiency of oxygen causes the neuron's normal process for making ATP for energy to fail. The cell switches to anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid.