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A major application of current loops is the industry de facto standard 4–20 mA current loop for process control applications, where they are extensively used to carry signals from process instrumentation to proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and programmable logic ...
A Rogowski coil is a toroid of wire used to measure an alternating current I(t) through a cable encircled by the toroid. The picture shows a Rogowski coil encircling a current-carrying cable.
where ε is the average rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass, and; ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.; Typical values of the Kolmogorov length scale, for atmospheric motion in which the large eddies have length scales on the order of kilometers, range from 0.1 to 10 millimeters; for smaller flows such as in laboratory systems, η may be much smaller.
To scale these two variables, assume there are two intrinsic units of measurement x c and t c with the same units as x and t respectively, such that these conditions hold: = = = =. These equations are used to replace x and t when nondimensionalizing.
[4] For spheres in uniform flow in the Reynolds number range of 8×10 2 < Re < 2×10 5 there co-exist two values of the Strouhal number. The lower frequency is attributed to the large-scale instability of the wake, is independent of the Reynolds number Re and is approximately equal to 0.2. The higher-frequency Strouhal number is caused by small ...
Dynamic voltage scaling to increase voltage is known as overvolting; dynamic voltage scaling to decrease voltage is known as undervolting. Undervolting is done in order to conserve power , particularly in laptops and other mobile devices , where energy comes from a battery and thus is limited, or in rare cases, to increase reliability.
The Taylor microscale is the intermediate length scale at which fluid viscosity significantly affects the dynamics of turbulent eddies in the flow. This length scale is traditionally applied to turbulent flow which can be characterized by a Kolmogorov spectrum of velocity fluctuations. In such a flow, length scales which are larger than the ...
The red lines indicate full scale, and the waveform is shown before and after hard clipping (grey and black outlines respectively). Decibels relative to full scale ( dBFS or dB FS ) is a unit of measurement for amplitude levels in digital systems, such as pulse-code modulation (PCM), which have a defined maximum peak level.