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It has been shown that inflammatory cytokines cause an IL-10-dependent inhibition of [24] T-cell expansion and function by up-regulating PD-1 levels on monocytes, which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by PD-L. [24] Adverse reactions to cytokines are characterized by local inflammation and/or ulceration at the ...
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16 ...
Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene. [5] OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. [6] Of these cytokines it most closely resembles leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function. [6]
CCL8 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The CCL8 protein is produced as a precursor containing 109 amino acids, which is cleaved to produce mature CCL8 containing 75 amino acids. The gene for CCL8 is encoded by 3 exons and is located within a large cluster of CC chemokines on chromosome 17q11.2 in humans.
Interleukin 31 is an inflammatory cytokine produced by activated CD4 + T lymphocytes, in particular activated T H 2 helper cells, mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It major sites of action are the skin, lung, intestine and the nervous system. [10] Hence IL-31 main role is to facilitate cell-mediated immunity against pathogens.
CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types in response to IFN-γ.These cell types include monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. [5] CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles, such as chemoattraction for monocytes/macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, antitumor activity, and inhibition of bone marrow colony formation and ...
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL15 gene.IL-15 is an inflammatory cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through a complex composed of IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain and the common gamma chain (gamma-C, CD132).