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The uppercase letter S: In Japan, this letter is often written with a single serif added to the end of the stroke. The uppercase letter Z: This letter is usually written with three strokes. In parts of Europe such as Italy, Germany and Spain, it is commonly written with a short horizontal crossbar added through the middle.
Writing systems are used to record human language, and may be classified according to certain common features.. The usual name of the script is given first; the name of the languages in which the script is written follows (in brackets), particularly in the case where the language name differs from the script name.
The general principles set out in § Numbers as figures or words apply to ordinals. In particular, do not start a sentence with a figure, and generally use first through ninth, not 1st through 9th, for single-digit ordinals. In "suffix" forms, use two-letter suffixes: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so on (2nd Battalion not 2d Battalion).
In East Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, the Sino-Tibetan family was represented by Old Chinese. There are also a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records: the Proto-Elamite script; the Indus script (speculated to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A (encoding a possible "Minoan language") [4]
Chalcolithic (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") Ancient history (The Bronze and Iron Ages are not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.) Bronze Age; Iron Age; Late Middle Ages. Renaissance; Early modern history; Modern history. Industrial Age (1760–1970) Machine Age (1880–1945) Age ...
The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters (Æ, Ð), and two developed from the runic alphabet (วท, Þ).
In addition to that, texts written before the 1996 spelling reform also use ß at the ends of words and before consonants, e.g. naß 'wet' and mußte 'had to' (after the reform spelled nass and musste), so vowel length in these positions could not be detected by the ß , cf. Maß 'measure' and fußte 'was based' (both unaffected by the reform).
During the 20th century, elements of the spoken language (of Common Czech especially) penetrated literary Czech. The orthography of foreign words was changed to reflect their German pronunciation, especially writing z instead of s and marking the vowel length (e.g. gymnasium > gymnázium 'grammar school'). Social changes after World War II ...