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Sanskrit inherits from Proto-Indo-European the feature of regular in-word, vowel variations known in the context of the parent language as ablaut or more generally apophony. This feature, which can be seen in the English forms sing , sang , sung , and song , themselves a direct continuation of the PIE ablaut, is fundamental [ g ] in Sanskrit ...
The table is formed by collating the 36 consonants of Sanskrit plus ळ (which is not used in Sanskrit), as listed in Masica (1991:161–162). Not all of these form conjuncts (these instead show a halanta under the first letter), and the number that do will vary with the Devanagari font installed.
A vowel combines with a consonant in their diacritic form. For example, the vowel आ (ā) combines with the consonant क् (k) to form the syllabic letter का (kā), with halant (cancel sign) removed and added vowel sign which is indicated by diacritics. The vowel अ (a) combines with the consonant क् (k) to form क (ka) with
Some letters are modified with diacritics: Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . Two letters have an overdot: ṁ and ṅ ( /ŋ/ ).
Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda; Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved; Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: Krishna, Vajra, Maurya; Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar.
Since the vowel is an integral part of the consonants, and given the efficiently compacted, fused consonant cluster morphology for Sanskrit words and grammar, the Brahmi and its derivative writing systems deploy ligatures, diacritics and relative positioning of the vowel to inform the reader how the vowel is related to the consonant and how it ...
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