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  2. Retinoic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoic_acid

    Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2] All-trans-retinoic acid is required for chordate animal development, which includes all higher animals from fish to ...

  3. Retinol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol

    Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation and, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present.

  4. Vitamin A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

    Retinoic acid is actively transported into the cell nucleus by CRABp2 where it regulates thousands of genes by binding directly to gene targets via retinoic acid receptors. [6] In addition to retinol, retinal and retinoic acid, there are plant-, fungi- or bacteria-sourced carotenoids which can be metabolized to retinol, and are thus vitamin A ...

  5. Tretinoin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretinoin

    The origin of the name tretinoin is uncertain, [42] [43] although several sources agree (one with probability, [42] < one with asserted certainty [44]) that it probably comes from trans-+ retinoic [acid] + -in, which is plausible given that tretinoin is the all-trans isomer of retinoic acid. The name isotretinoin is the same root tretinoin plus ...

  6. Hypervitaminosis A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A

    More recent findings, however, indicate that retinoids can be delivered to tissues through multiple overlapping delivery pathways, involving chylomicrons, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), retinoic acid bound to albumin, water-soluble β-glucuronides of retinol and retinoic acid, and provitamin A carotenoids ...

  7. Vitamin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin

    In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. [47]

  8. Retinal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal

    The other main forms of vitamin A – retinol and a partially active form, retinoic acid – may both be produced from retinal. Invertebrates such as insects and squid use hydroxylated forms of retinal in their visual systems, which derive from conversion from other xanthophylls .

  9. Vitamin A deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_Deficiency

    Retinoic acid is a ligand for nuclear retinoic acid receptors that bind the promoter regions of specific genes, [18] thus activating transcription and stimulating T cell replication. [1] Vitamin A deficiency will often entail deficient retinol intake, resulting in a reduced number of T-cells and lymphocytes , leading to an inadequate immune ...