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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems. [1] Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. [2] In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re ...

3. Limescale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

   The type found deposited on the heating elements of water heaters consists mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). Hard water contains calcium (and often magnesium ) bicarbonate or similar ions. Calcium, magnesium, and carbonate ions dissolve from rocks through which rainwater percolates before collection.

4. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   The total water hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+, in mol/L or mmol/L units. Although water hardness usually measures only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent divalent metal ions), iron, aluminium, and manganese are also present at

5. Water heating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heating

   Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the ...

6. Water heat recycling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heat_recycling

   Installation of a double-walled copper-on-copper heat exchanger in a vertical section of the master drain line in a Canadian home (2007) Water heat recycling (also known as drain water heat recovery, waste water heat recovery, greywater heat recovery, [citation needed] or sometimes shower water heat recovery [citation needed]) is the use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat ...

7. Iron-oxidizing bacteria - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-oxidizing_bacteria

   The anoxygenic phototrophic iron oxidation was the first anaerobic metabolism to be described within the iron anaerobic oxidation metabolism. The photoferrotrophic bacteria use Fe 2+ as electron donor and the energy from light to assimilate CO 2 into biomass through the Calvin Benson-Bassam cycle (or rTCA cycle) in a neutrophilic environment (pH 5.5-7.2), producing Fe 3+ oxides as a waste ...