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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
Al-Farabi: Regarded as founder of Islamic Neoplatonism [25] [26] and by some as the Father of Logic in the Islamic World. [27] [28] Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198): Known in west as The Commentator has been described by some as the Father of Rationalism [29] and the Father of Free Thought in Western Europe.
Malik-Shah, along with the vizier Nizam al-Mulk, tried to unite Muslims of the world and fought many wars against anti Islamic fitna movement called Batiniyya, he also built many madrasahs. He is considered one of the greatest Muslim leaders of all time. Tughril Beg: founder of the Seljuq Dynasty. He united many Turkmen warriors of the Central ...
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. [citation needed]
Ulama, guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam; Allamah, Islamic honorary title for a scholar; Mullah, Muslim clergy or mosque leader; List of da'is; List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars; List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars; List of Turkish philosophers and scientists; Islamic philosophy
Modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars include the following, referring to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.