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Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [20] It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women.
The risk of venous thromboembolism with EE/CPA-containing birth control pills is similar to that with EE and gestodene-, desogestrel-, and drospirenone-containing birth control pills and about 50 to 80% higher than with EE and levonorgestrel-containing birth control pills.
The general side effects of EE include breast tenderness and enlargement, headache, fluid retention, and nausea among others. [7] In men, EE can additionally cause breast development, feminization in general, hypogonadism, and sexual dysfunction. Rare but serious side effects include blood clots, liver damage, and cancer of the uterus. [7]
The most common side effects of the norgestrel include irregular bleeding, headaches, dizziness, nausea, increased appetite, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating. [2] Norgestrel is a progestin , or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 6 ]
Different sources note different incidence of side effects. The most common side effect is breakthrough bleeding. Combined oral contraceptive pills can improve conditions such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne, [105] reduce symptoms of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, and decrease the risk of anemia. [106]
Side effects of dienogest include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, depression, and acne, among others. [14] Dienogest is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone .
Side effects of the combination of an estrogen and gestodene include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, and others. [citation needed] Gestodene is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone.
Rare side effects may include high potassium levels and blood clots (when taken as a combined oestrogen-progestogen pill), among others. [ 4 ] [ 12 ] Drospirenone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 1 ]