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The pre-and protohistory of southern Mesopotamia is divided into the Ubaid (c. 6500–3800 BC), Uruk (c. 4000 to 3100 BC) and Jemdet Nasr (c. 3100 to 2900 BC) periods. There is scholarly disagreement as to when the Sumerian presence began in the region, although it is generally assumed that the Sumerian language was used in southern Mesopotamia by the late Uruk period.
Man carrying a box, possibly for offerings. Metalwork, c. 2900–2600 BCE, Sumer. Metropolitan Museum of Art. [1]The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to c. 2900 – c. 2350 BC and was preceded by the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods.
The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC). From the royal tombs of Ur, made of lapis lazuli and shell, shows peacetime. In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated.
c. 3500 BC: Pictographic proto-writing starts developing towards writing proper in Sumer, thus starting what is technically considered history. c. 3500 BC: The first monument of which there is still a trace (Duma na nGiall) is built on the Hill of Tara, the ancient seat of the High King of Ireland. [2] c. 3500 BC: Tin is discovered.
About 170 similar tablets from Uruk V (c. 3500 BC), Susa, and other Iranian sites like Tepe Sialk, are considered to be pre-Proto-Elamite, though bearing similarities to proto-cuneiform. [25] Sign lists and transliterations are less clear for this category.
The proto-literate period of Egypt and Mesopotamia is taken to span c. 3500 – c. 2900 BC. The administrative texts of the Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BC), found among other places at Jemdet Nasr and Tell Uqair represent a further stage in the development from proto-cuneiform to cuneiform, but can still not be identified with Sumerian with ...
c. 2360 BC: Hekla-4 eruption. c. 2350 BC: The 2350 BC Middle East Anomaly (apparent comet or asteroid impact) happened. c. 2350 BC: End of the Early Dynastic III period in Mesopotamia. c. 2350 BC: Lugal-Zage-Si of Umma conqueres Gu-Edin and unites Sumer as a single kingdom. c. 2350 BC: First destruction of the city of Mari. c. 2345 BC: End of ...
The Sumerian King List (abbreviated SKL) or Chronicle of the One Monarchy is an ancient literary composition written in Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC.