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The outer edges of the diagram, the envelope, show the possible conditions that the aircraft can reach in straight and level flight. For instance, the aircraft described by the black altitude envelope on the right can fly at altitudes up to about 52,000 feet (16,000 m), at which point the thinner air means it can no longer climb.
The true airspeed corresponding to the critical Mach number generally decreases with altitude. The flight envelope is a plot of various curves representing the limits of the aircraft's true airspeed and altitude. Generally, the top-left boundary of the envelope is the curve representing stall speed, which increases as altitude increases.
V A is the design maneuvering speed and is a calibrated airspeed.Maneuvering speed cannot be slower than and need not be greater than V c. [4]If is chosen by the manufacturer to be exactly the aircraft will stall in a nose-up pitching maneuver before the structure is subjected to its limiting aerodynamic load.
An airspeed indicator for an aeroplane. Indicated airspeed is displayed on the black background (in this case both in knots (kn) and miles per hour (mph)). The pilot sets the pressure altitude and air temperature in the top window using the knob. Based on that, the white background scale in the lower left window moves to give true airspeed.
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.
The FAA states "The height–velocity diagram or H/V curve is a graph charting the safe/unsafe flight profiles relevant to a specific helicopter. As operation outside the safe area of the chart can be fatal in the event of a power or transmission failure it is sometimes referred to as the dead man's curve ."
An aircraft's indicated airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS for "Knots-Indicated Air Speed" (vs. KCAS for calibrated airspeed and KTAS for true airspeed). The IAS is an important value for the pilot because it is the indicated speeds which are specified in the aircraft flight manual for such important performance values as the stall ...
A sample CG-moment envelope chart, showing that a loaded plane weighing 2,367 lb (1,074 kg) with a moment of 105,200 lb⋅in (11886 N⋅m) is within the "normal category" envelope. Center of gravity (CG) is calculated as follows: Determine weights and arms for all mass within the aircraft. Multiply weights by arms for all mass to calculate moments.