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  2. People exposed to white phosphorus can suffer severe and sometimes deadly bone-deep burns. It can cause organs to shut down, and burns on just 10% of the body can be fatal, HRW said.

  3. Metals of antiquity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity

    Metal production in the ancient Middle East. The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury.

  4. Investigations find Israel used white phosphorus made in the US

    www.aol.com/investigations-israel-used-white...

    White phosphorus is an incendiary weapon and can cause extreme burns. Other outlets have corroborated allegations that white phosphorus was used in those areas at around that time.

  5. History of fertilizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_fertilizer

    The developing sciences of chemistry and Paleontology, combined with the discovery of coprolites in commercial quantities in East Anglia, led Fisons and Packard to develop sulfuric acid and fertilizer plants at Bramford, and Snape, Suffolk in the 1850s to create superphosphates, which were shipped around the world from the port at Ipswich. By ...

  6. Tin sources and trade during antiquity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade...

    Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC. Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust , with about two parts per million (ppm), compared to iron with 50,000 ppm, copper with 70 ppm, lead with 16 ppm, arsenic with 5 ppm, silver with 0.1 ppm, and gold with 0.005 ppm. [ 1 ]

  7. History of the Middle East - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East

    The Middle East, it turned out, possessed the world's largest easily untapped reserves of crude oil, the most important commodity in the 20th century. The discovery of oil in the region made many of the kings and emirs of the Middle East immensely wealthy and enabled them to consolidate their hold on power while giving them a stake in ...

  8. Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval...

    [3] This definition of Arabic science provides a sense that there are many distinguishing factors to contrast with science of the Western hemisphere regarding physical location, culture, and language, though there are also several similarities in the goals pursued by scientists of the Middle Ages, and in the origins of thinking from which both ...

  9. Ferrous metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy

    Smiths in the Middle East discovered that wrought iron could be turned into a much harder product by heating the finished piece in a bed of charcoal, and then quenching it in water or oil. This procedure turned the outer layers of the piece into steel , an alloy of iron and iron carbides , with an inner core of less brittle iron.