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  2. Bidirectional text - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_text

    Bidirectional script support is the capability of a computer system to correctly display bidirectional text. The term is often shortened to "BiDi" or "bidi".Early computer installations were designed only to support a single writing system, typically for left-to-right scripts based on the Latin alphabet only.

  3. Complex text layout - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_text_layout

    In the second line, bidirectional display has been applied, and in the third the glyph-shaping mechanism has rendered the letters according to context. Complex text layout (CTL) or complex text rendering is the typesetting of writing systems in which the shape or positioning of a grapheme depends on its relation

  4. Unicode character property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_character_property

    For example, it enables a Hebrew quote in an English text. The Bidi_Character_Type marks a character's behaviour in directional writing. To override a direction, Unicode has defined special formatting control characters (Bidi-Control characters). These characters can enforce a direction, and by definition only affect bi-directional writing.

  5. BERT (language model) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)

    Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word ...

  6. Implicit directional marks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_directional_marks

    In the first example, without an LRM control character, a web browser will render the ++ on the left of the "C" because the browser recognizes that the paragraph is in a right-to-left text and applies punctuation, which is neutral as to its direction, according to the direction of the adjacent text. The LRM control character causes the ...

  7. Duplex (telecommunications) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)

    For example, a walkie-talkie or a DECT phone or so-called TDD 4G or 5G phones requires only a single frequency for bidirectional communication, while a cell phone in the so-called FDD mode is a full-duplex device, and generally requires two frequencies to carry the two simultaneous voice channels, one in each direction.

  8. Unicode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode

    It also provides a comprehensive catalog of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text, as well as visual charts and reference data sets to aid implementers. Previously, The Unicode Standard was sold as a print volume containing the complete core specification, standard annexes, [ note 2 ] and code charts.

  9. Bidirectional - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional

    Bidirectional, a roadway that carries traffic moving in opposite directions; Bi-directional vehicle, a tram or train or any other vehicle that can be controlled from either end and can move forward or backward with equal ease without any need to be turned around; Bidirectional text, text containing text in both text directionalities